![]() In fact toilet writings, which show both private and public features, are remarkable as a field where writers cite their messages faithfully. It was not encountered academic studies about toilet writings in Turkey, the topic were abandoned to humor. Related tendency was evoked itself in Turkey. Academic foundations and academicians dignified some parts of daily life practices, on the other hand they thought that studies about toilets are trivial. Researchers (Mathios, 2013), who contributed the literature about toilet writings, stated that researchers who want to study about this topic met with some obstacles. However in continental Europe and Turkey the literature related with this subject is undeveloped. There are some studies about latrinalia in USA, UK and Latin America. Toilet writings (latrinalia) are one of the subject of these restricted fields. It is observed that studies about daily life practices intensify in some fields but remain restricted in some fields. This alteration is about micro-places, cultural practices, reception studies, identity and sub-identities and finally daily life practices. ![]() In my opinion, indeed, democracy needs complexity and, moreover, it needs a pluralistic approach, which has to consider the fundamental value of a reasonable (and not ideological) dissent.Īlteration of the academic literature, which belongs to social sciences showed up end of the twentieth century, still continues on today. I am just suggesting that we have to protect the idea of democracy from a very dangerous trivialization. I am not asserting that people can not or do not know how to decide what is the best thing for them. I do not want, in anyway, defend or sustain a sort of paternalistic view of public decision. An important clarification is necessary, before that analysis goes on. A curious, ambiguous, but very popular mantra seems to be the golden rule of politics in the contemporary age: "If people want it and if people vote it, then the outcome will be true, good and not contestable, whatever it will be and whatever will be the consequences for them or for others". The main idea is that an incorrect priority assigned to the procedures or to the formal structures of institutions has hidden the real aim of public discussion, or more general, the real aim of politics. I analyse in which ways the strategies of construction of the public opinion have changed the grammar of public debate, and also how the calculus of consent has modified the nature of democracy itself. And socio-demographic characteristics found by various studies are densely similar to each other.Īre we sure that majoritarian criterion is the best option to determine and evaluate the results of public choices? Can we still trust a model of democracy of this kind? Can we still trust popular will? In this paper, I discuss about the contemporary conditions of democracy. It can be said that the rate of homeless people in Turkey is significant. According to the data of the ŞefkatDer Organization, which regularly carries out studies about homeless people, between 7,000 and 10,000 homeless people live in Istanbul, and there are more than 100,000 homeless people across Turkey (). According to United Nations (UN) Reports, there are 100 million homeless people worldwide (Özdemir, 2010, p. ![]() Basic structural foundations of the poor such as irregular work or unemployment, insufficient social benefits, insufficient income and being unable to afford the budget of high-priced housing have caused “homelessness.” Today, homelessness, for various reasons, has become widespread and is an important burning issue. Also, because the market returns more profit from housing, the chance of finding a low-priced house has decreased. ![]() Additionally, the poor who experience income insufficiency are not able to afford what the market charges. Disintegration and rupture which were not seen in old social segments, have become more apparent with the presence of modern poverty (Açıkgöz and Yusufoğlu, 2012, p. Old poverty which was a livable and acceptable situation disappeared with the arrival of new poverty, and misery and hunger took its place. Developments experienced during and after the Industrial Revolution where societies started to improve their economies changed the appearance and semantic dimension of poverty.
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